Spinach

Russian Tortoise

Agrionemys horsfieldii

Very high oxalate content (~970 mg/100 g) binds dietary calcium in the gut, preventing absorption. Regular feeding risks calcium deficiency and MBD even if calcium is supplemented.

Hermann's Tortoise

Testudo hermanni

Very high oxalate — binds calcium. Not recommended as a regular food.

Greek Tortoise

Testudo graeca

Very high oxalate — binds calcium. Not recommended as a regular food.

Sulcata Tortoise

Centrochelys sulcata

Very high oxalate. Avoid or limit to very occasional amounts.

Leopard Tortoise

Stigmochelys pardalis

Very high oxalate. Avoid or limit to very occasional amounts.

Red-footed Tortoise

Chelonoidis carbonarius

Very high oxalate binds calcium. Safe occasionally but not regularly.

Eastern Box Turtle

Terrapene carolina

High oxalate — interferes with calcium absorption. Feed very sparingly.

Red-eared Slider

Trachemys scripta elegans

Very high oxalate content — interferes with calcium absorption. Avoid in regular feeding.

Painted Turtle

Chrysemys picta

Very high oxalate content — interferes with calcium absorption. Avoid in regular feeding.

Yellow-bellied Slider

Trachemys scripta scripta

Very high oxalate content — interferes with calcium absorption. Avoid in regular feeding.